ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy
Review the principal ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy, their historical development, diagnostic performance, limitations and modern use.
Robert Buttner
MBBS FACEM DDU (Emergency) CCPU. Emergency Physician in Melbourne, Australia. Co-Ultrasound Lead for Emergency Medicine at The Alfred Hospital. Special interests in diagnostic and procedural ultrasound, medical education, and ECG interpretation. Editor of the LITFL ECG Library.
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Lenègre-Lev disease
Acquired fibrous degeneration of the left and right bundle branches, eventually manifesting as permanent complete atrioventricular (AV) dissociation with cardiac pauses and Adams-Stokes attacks
FFS: Wernicke Encephalopathy
Wernicke encephalopathy is an acute, reversible condition due to thiamine deficiency. Prompt treatment prevents progression to Korsakoff’s psychosis
Tardive dyskinesia
Tardive dyskinesia is a chronic, often permanent, hyperkinetic movement disorder caused by dopamine-blocking drugs—preventable with early detection and VMAT2 inhibitors.
Transient Global Amnesia
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome of reversible anterograde amnesia. It is an isolated disorder of memory function, generally resolving within 24 hours with a benign prognosis.
FFS: Amaurosis fugax
Amaurosis fugax is sudden, painless, transient monocular vision loss from retinal ischaemia—an emergency signalling high stroke risk, requiring urgent carotid evaluation and stroke unit admission
Transient Ischaemic Attack
TIA is a brief neurological event with high stroke risk. Urgent imaging, specialist review, and early treatment are critical to prevent ischaemic stroke
FFS: Guillain‑Barré syndrome
Acute autoimmune demyelinating polyneuropathy presenting with symmetric ascending weakness, reflex loss, and autonomic symptoms—emergency exclusion of spinal lesions